This paper attempts to explore the semantic space of Sod-in ‘to become’ in Persian in order to address some basic features of linguistic cognition (e.g. analyzability and compositionality). One of the highly-frequent verbs in Persian is Sod-in, which with regard to its different functions at the level of sentence, can be considered as the most active verb in this language. According to a diachronic viewpoint, the same verbal form, Sod-in, with four distinctive functions (as a main verb, as a copula, as a modal verb, and as the verbal constituent of complex predicates) plays an important role in Persian verbal system. The passive construction in Persian is considered as a Complex Predicate in which Sod-in combines with different linguistic categories such as noun, adjective, prepositional phrase and past participle (X in general).Its semantic space indicates that various types of constructions including Sod-in form a network of meanings, in which the verbal element Sod-in is meaningful, in contrast to the previous studies it's passive construction which considered it as a purely syntactic element carrying no meaning. Therefore, the passive construction in Persian is viewed as analyzable in which Sod-in is not a random occurrence but rather an extension of its other uses. The relatedness of the uses of Sod-in provides further evidence for the claim in Cognitive Grammar that the passive construction is part of a larger network of related syntactic constructions and not derives from the active construction.

The Persian preposition /bærɑje/ (“for”) can encode many relationships, such as intention, cause, equivalence, and possession. This study aims to show that using this preposition in the different domains has semantic significance, which an analysis within the framework of Cognitive Grammar can help bring out. The data for this study have been gathered from written Persian texts, the Dehkhoda dictionary [Loqatname-y-e Dehkhoda], the great Sokhan dictionary [Farhang-e Bozorg-e Sokhan], and daily Persian conversations. They were analyzed using the polysemy network introduced by Tyler & Evans. The results showed that the /bærɑje/ preposition has multiple senses, creating a radial network. These senses are systematically derived from the “intention” sense, which will be considered the prototypical sense of the preposition. The other senses are: “Cause,” “Possession,” “Equivalence,” “Benefit,” “Recipient,” “Duration,” and “Destination.” This study concludes that applying a semantic description to study prepositions yields clear results. The different senses of /bærɑje/ can be categorized into groups that form a coherent radial network structure, in which a prototypical schema can be identified. All the different schemas are related to one another. Image schemas can capture the meanings of this preposition. Finally, the use of radial networks provides a convenient means of accounting for the phenomenon of polysemy, further demonstrating the usefulness of the Cognitive Linguistics framework.

One of the most significant topics in the philosophy of science literature is the debate between scientific realism and anti-realism. In recent years, a considerable amount of literature has emerged on scientific progress accounts. The aim of this article is to explore the relationship between scientific realism/anti-realism and scientific progress accounts. Scientific realism, in this article, refers to epistemic realism, which posits that mature and successful scientific theories offer an (approximately) true description of the world. In contrast, advocates of epistemic anti-realism reject the possibility of acquiring knowledge about unobservable entities. Scientific progress accounts fall into four categories based on their intended purpose: epistemic, semantic, problem-solving (functional), and noetic. This article argues that the epistemic and semantic accounts, which rely on the concept of truth, are based on scientific realism. The problem-solving account is considered an anti-realistic approach since it replaces the criterion of truth with the ability to solve problems. The primary argument of this article is that although the noetic account appears to use the concept of truth in its explanation, it prioritizes understanding over truth in determining the preferred theory. This means that the criterion for selecting the preferred theory is not approximation to the truth, but rather understanding. As a result, the noetic account is based on an anti-realistic approach.   Introduction The thesis of epistemic realism posits that successful and mature scientific theories are (approximately) true. Also, various accounts of scientific progress focus on specific objectives within science. This article argues that the epistemic and semantic approaches align with a realist perspective, while the problem-solving (functional) and noetic accounts have anti-realist foundations. Scientific realism Generally, three theses of scientific realism can be identified: the metaphysical (ontological) thesis, the semantic thesis, and the epistemic thesis. The metaphysical thesis asserts that the world exists independently of the mind. The semantic thesis claims that propositions concerning unobservable entities can be evaluated as true or false implying that all scientific propositions have meaning whether they relate to observable or unobservable entities. The epistemic realism thesis argues that we can acquire knowledge about reality including knowledge about unobservable entities. To be more precise, the claims about theoretical entities in scientific theories are not only meaningful but also provide an almost true depiction of reality. In this article, realism refers specifically to epistemic realism, which encompasses three main aspects: 1) the existence of a mind-independent world, 2) the attribution of truth or falsity to scientific propositions concerning unobservable entities, and 3) the claim that the propositions in mature scientific theories regarding theoretical entities are nearly true. On the other hand, one advocate of epistemic anti-realism is Bas van Fraassen’s constructive empiricism. According to this perspective, van Fraassen denies the capacity to acquire knowledge about unobservable levels. In this view, the goal of science is not truth but rather empirical adequacy. This means that the objective of scientific endeavor is not to uncover the truth, but rather to construct models that are empirically sufficient. Scientific progress accounts Regarding the concept of scientific progress, four accounts have been presented. In the epistemic account, the goal of science is to increase knowledge or justified true belief. Therefore, scientific progress occurs as we accumulate knowledge. In the semantic account, the objective of science is to approach closer to the truth (verisimilitude). This implies that science progresses when our theories are more truth-like. In the problem-solving (functional) approach, the concept of truth is set aside, and the focus shifts to problem-solving or fulfilling specific functions within science. In this account, scientific progress is marked by the development of new theories that effectively solve more problems compared to previous ones. In the new functional approach, scientific progress is defined in terms of the usefulness of the problem-defining and problem-solving. Advocates of the noetic account consider increased understanding to be the goal of science. In other words, science advances when scientists grasp how to correctly explain or predict more aspects of the world. Scientific progress accounts and scientific realism In both the epistemic and semantic accounts, truth plays a pivotal role. Justified true belief serves as a necessary condition for acquiring knowledge. In the epistemic account, it is possible to acquire knowledge about theoretical entities. Thus, we can infer that the epistemic account is rooted in scientific realism. In the semantic account, the ultimate aim of science is to achieve complete truth. While achieving complete truth in theories may not be certain within this approach, it is possible to demonstrate their approximate truth. Therefore, according to this account, mature scientific theories are considered to be almost true. Consequently, this account aligns with scientific realism. In presenting the problem-solving approach, Laudan explicitly argues against truth being the objective of science, as there is no criterion available to gauge the attainment of truth. In other words, if we define the success of scientific theories based on their ability to solve scientific problems, this success does not necessarily indicate the truth of the theory. While mature scientific theories may demonstrate success and possess the capability to solve numerous problems in comparison to earlier theories, this accomplishment does not directly correlate to the truthfulness of the theory. Consequently, this approach adopts an anti-realist perspective towards science. In the noetic account, priority is given to understanding over approximation to the truth, despite the presence of both criteria. To clarify further, if there are two competing theories, with one being more aligned with reality but the other providing a greater level of understanding, the second theory is considered preferable. Moreover, the concept of the model in the noetic approach resembles the concept of the model in the doctrine of constructive empiricism. This implies that scientific theories do not necessarily provide a true depiction of the world, but rather act as models designed to enhance our understanding. This perspective on scientific theories is anti-realist since it contradicts the thesis of epistemic realism, which asserts that mature scientific theories offer an (almost) true description of the world. Conclusion In summary, this article puts forth the following assertions: l The epistemic and semantic accounts offer explanations for scientific progress within the framework of scientific realism. l The problem-solving (functional) account takes an anti-realist standpoint by explicitly discarding the notion of truth. Although some argue that the new functional approach can be classified as a realistic perspective, the article contends that it still remains anti-realist. l The noetic account inherently embraces an anti-realist position. It considers scientific theories as models that prioritize enhancing understanding rather than providing a relatively accurate description of the world.  

In this paper, firstly, it is shown that the standard account of the concept ‘practice’ in the Wittgenstein’s philosophy is a therapeutic one. According to this account, the normative standard of the rightness and wrongness of the use of words cannot be put into words. This account can be seen as the negative aspect of the whole idea of normativity. Secondly, I argue that therapy alone is not adequate. In order to give a plausible account of the whole idea of normativity, the positive aspect of the concept ‘practice’ has to be presented. Thirdly, I suggest that distinguishing between the first order and the second order account of the concept ‘practice’ might be a way of explaining the positive aspect. According to the first order account, the constituents of the concept ‘practice’ have to be given. The second order account sketches out the idea that practice goes all the way down. Our confrontation with things in the world is based upon doing rather than theorising at the very basic level. Overt activities ultimately depend on mental activities.

In Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science, Kant tries to prepare a pure part for Newtonian physics to show it is a proper science. Meanwhile, he purges Newtonian physics from the concepts which are empty or are not justified from the stand point of critical philosophy and puts concepts consistent with this philosophy in their place. In some crucial positions, therefore, he diffess from Newton and one of them is the constitution of matter. Although Newton belives in atomism, Kant presents his dynamical theory of matter according to which matter essentially has fundamental forces on which its possibility is based. Kant criticizes atomism from the standpoint of transcendental philosophy and considers his theory consistent with this philosophical view. In this essay, these two rival theories are is examined to understand Kant’s motivation in presenting his novel theory.

The ruins of Persepolis is located on the Farvardin Plain, 50 km North-East of Shiraz. The significance of the site as an International World Heritage was distinguished by UNESCO as the first among the five selected historical sites in Iran and registered in 1979. The importance of the site has also been recognized by organizations such as International Councilor Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), The World Conservation Union (IUCN), and International Organization for Conservation of Cultural Heritage (ICCROM) who have supported its reclamation and restoration during the past decades.Despite the many studies on the art, architecture, archeology and history of Persepolis, there is little information on the natural setting and the landscape of this valuable complex. There are still doubts about the existence of a wall and watchtowers around this valuable architectural complex. This is whilst discovering the natural landscape and historical boundaries are of the important factors in managing comprehensive environmental conservation.To deal with this problem, this article endeavors to presenta three dimensional model of the Persepolis landscape of the Achamenian period. A remote sensing data analysis, photogeology and field survey are used. Remotely sensed air photos and satellite imagery have been shown to be a valuable tool for the characterization of the archeological landscape and locations of collapsed structure.Interpretation of aerial photos in different scales and processing satellite data TM and+ETM-that are new methods of ancient site analysis-constitute the main method of this study. Using this technique and the difference in texture, size, color, shape and vegetation pattern, and the associations of these criteria with the possible place of the wall and watchtower are identified. The result of this study is indicative of a wall and watchtowers surrounding Persepolis. This could be subsequently confirmed with geophysical surveying and archaeological excavations. The advanced high resolution (both spectral, and spatial), remote sensing data (ASTER, IKONUS, IRS, etc.) and hyper spectral surveying can assimilate other types of archeological data to process analyzing, and better understanding of the features, their patterns, textures, size, association, and so on and will help to deal with the issues of site characteristics. The result of this study using different age air-photos and ETM+ images are indicative of the following features: - The present Persepolis site is small sector of vast area where the capital city (the Parse) and satellite villages had been located.- Misleading in buffer zonation and consequence deformations have been caused sever damages and destruction of archeological residues that where likely remnants of original structures.- There are some remnant and residues of guard wall and watchtowers surrounding impressive palaces of Achaemenian Empire, the Persepolis. In order to precisely define the location of the irrigation system, housing patterns and the social life as reflected in the setting of the various elements of the Parse and the aerial extension of Persepolis, further surface and subsurface studies are recommended. It is necessary to use new geophysical and spectral techniques to define the aerial extension, the architectural structure and construction patterns of the ancient civilization on the peripheries of Persepolis platform. Such studies may clarify the many aspects of Achaemenian period, and reclamation or reconstruction of Persepolis during ancient times.

Brandom’s main claim is that the representational dimension of language, including intentional directedness, emerges and also reflects the social dimension of language. Brandom argues that his analysis of the expressive function of “about” in de re ascriptions confirms his main claim. Deflationary interpretation of Brandom’s analysis denies that “about” ascribes a property to mental s tates. In the present article, firs t, by explaining Brandom’s inferentialis t analysis of singular terms and notion of object, we show how objects via inferential triangulation can be given to us. Then, we elucidate the connection between Brandom’s analysis of objectivity and his analysis of intentional directedness as the reflection of social dimension. Relying on this elucidation, we explain Brandom’s claim that “about” plays a role similar to Kant’s categories. Brandom’s view on intentional directedness is a radical switch of view which challenges the whole tradition of philosophical theory seeking to explain intentionality as a property of mental s tates.

Our various activities in the virtual space are possible through a virtual account. Due to the variety of user activities in cyber space, sometimes we need to open several accounts in this space. Our understanding of these accounts is very important, because regardless of their spiritual and emotional value, these accounts can also have financial value for us. Therefore, in the first step, knowing the nature of the virtual account allows us to take the next steps more consciously In examining the nature of the virtual account, it is clear that these accounts have property, but due to the lack of physical existence and lack of touchability, they are classified as intangible assets. There are two types of virtual accounts in terms of their finances. According to their content, some of them have a financial nature and belong to the group of intellectual rights, while others have no financial value and only contain personal information, which are classified as property. Regarding the ownership of the virtual account, according to the fact that the accounts are property and have ownership characteristics such as permanence, absoluteness and exclusivity, they can be considered as ownership and the user's relationship with the virtual account can be analyzed in the form of ownership relationship